Minimum Satisfaction And Work Family Conflict - 2065 Words

1 CONTENTS 2 Reviewed journal articles 1 3 Introduction 2 4 Hypothesis 3 Hypothesis 1: Low-income individuals may behave in ways that appear short-sighted and impede long-term success 3 Hypothesis 2: Attachment of money to time can cause detrimental effects of income scarcity. 3 Hypothesis 3: Increase in income does not translate to happiness since raise in income reciprocates the more material needs thus leaving the happiness quotient intact. 3 Hypothesis 4: Family employees demonstrate a higher degree of job satisfaction relative to regular employees. 4 Hypothesis 5: Family employees receive lower wages relative to regular employees. 4 Hypothesis 6: Pay satisfaction and work family conflict is negatively related 4 Hypothesis 7: The relationship between pay satisfaction and WFC is weaker for employees with more dependents 5 5 Commentary 5 6 Assumptions 6 7 Future research 6 8 Conclusion 7 9 References 8 2 REVIEWED JOURNAL ARTICLES Bhave, D. P., Kramer, A., Glomb, T. M. (2013). Pay satisfaction and work- family conflict across time. Journal Of Organizational Behavior, 34(5), 698-713. doi:10.1002/job.1832 DEVASHEESH P. BHAVE, A. K. (2013). Pay satisfaction and work–family conflict across time. Journal of Organizational Behavior (34), 698–713. doi:10.1002/job.1832 Block, J. H., Millà ¡n, J. M., Romà ¡n, C. and Zhou, H. (2015), Job Satisfaction and Wages of Family Employees. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39: 183–207. doi:10.1111/etap.1203 3 INTRODUCTION ThereShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Male As Breadwinner On The Workplace1592 Words   |  7 PagesThe term work/life Balance has evolved around the idea of balancing work, life and family responsibilities in 1986 in USA. The concepts of work/life balance, work/family balance, work/life conflict, work/family conflict have gained prominence in the recent years due to the changes in the society and the workplace. 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F. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby - 1319 Words

It only takes a spark to start a fire. That spark could be a dream or a passion that has the possibility of growing into something larger than life. To transform that dream into a reality, goals must be set and plans must be made. The goal that many people were pursuing during the Roaring Twenties was the American Dream. It enticed people with the promise of prosperity and success all with a little hard work and elbow grease. Yet somewhere along the way, the goal was lost in the midst of affluence and illegal alcohol. F. Scott Fitzgerald used The Great Gatsby to portray how fulfilling the American Dream became impossible due to the growing desire of wealth and pleasure and the disappearance of social and moral values. One man that†¦show more content†¦All Gatsby longed for was to recapture his past with her, but he was left scrambling to piece back together the remnants of his broken dream. Daisy never loved him the way he loved her. The wealth he accumulated illegally meant nothing to her. His ostentatious mansion impressed her, but the vulgarity and the rawness of his parties disgusted her. Ultimately, Gatsby died along with his dream. In hindsight, it is simple to recognize what led to Gatsby demise. Blinded by his pursuit of a lifeless dream, Gatsby abandoned all of his integrity. He would mostly ignore his guests at his parties and isolate himself while scanning the crowds for Daisy. The money he used to try and charm Daisy was all acquired through illegal means, and it only proved to be the catalyst for a string of events that led to his murder. While attempting to win Daisy back, he argued without any care about how Daisy felt about the situation. On their drive home, Gatsby did not make Daisy stop the car when she hit and killed Myrtle Wilson, but rather he switched seats with her and took the fall for her wrongdoing. Even with the death of another human being, he could not see beyond his own desire, so â€Å"Gatsby became a victim of the greed, apathy, and indifference that corrupts dreams, betrays promises, and destroys possibilities† (Emin). His dream never even had a chance to reach fruition becaus e he had already lost everything that made it possible for his dream to

The Use of Humor in Richard III by Shakespeare Free Essays

There is no doubt that Shakespeare was the author of great pieces of literature during an interesting time period. Given the circumstances, he was indeed mastering his craft during a very tumultuous juncture in British history. When one reads Richard III, they don’t necessarily have to know a great deal about the War of Roses to understand that there is some serious strife going on. We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of Humor in Richard III by Shakespeare or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, if the reader takes some time to understand this fascinating string of events, the story of Richard and his fall becomes much more interesting. In all of his brilliance, Shakespeare manages to toy with the idea of humor in this very morose play. As a matter of fact, he does this in many, if not all of his tragedies. However, few may match the juxtaposition of humor with the macabre in Richard III. After a reading of this play, one may ask, â€Å"how does Shakespeare use humor in this play? † The answer to that would be: in a few different ways. However, no matter which was he uses humor; the end result will be a perfectly balanced dialogue that is witty and snappy. First, the reader is introduced to the play’s protagonist, Richard. His opening lines are incredibly captivating, but they come to an abrupt halt when his brother Clarence approaches. Already, the audience is let in on Richards â€Å"dirty little secret† that tells us he wants to become king, and will kill anyone who stands in his way. Unfortunately for Clarence, he is in the way. However, the reader would be keen to notice that Richard is a manipulative satirist. He constantly uses humor and ridicule to expose the stupidity or even naivety of others around him. In the very first scene, Clarence is being led up to the tower by guards, which is all part of Richard’s master plan. When Richard asks about the situation, he is sympathetic and angry. At this point, the reader gains some insight to what kind of person Richard is, and may even see a slight hint of humor in the situation. Indirectly, the audience is almost spoken to in an aside type of manner. Readers of the play know full well what is going on, and the gullible nature of the unsuspecting murdered-to-be is funny. Again, in Act I, scene ii, the reader sees Richard interact with Anne. It is pointed out that he has killed her husband, and as the story unfolds, the reader can tell that she is not too happy about this. However, an argument ensues, and Richard manages to woo Anne. The exchange is full of colorful language and snappy wit, the kind Shakespeare is so good at. However, the best part of this exchange of words occurs at the end of the scene, when Richard states, â€Å"Was ever woman in this humor wooed? /Was ever woman in this manner won? † (ll 234-235) Obviously, the word humor in this sense is not how modern readers would understand it. However, the way the scene unfolded, and the way that Richard is pleased with himself is humorous, even if it’s the, â€Å"ha-ha, you think you’re hot stuff† kind of humor. In the following scene, members of the nobility are arguing over status. While some readers may find the exchanges between all of them to be funny because they are acting like children, the true humor lies in the false poise of Queen Margaret in her asides. While some of the members argue, she puts her two cents in, and then steps forward. The dialogue gets snappy and heated, but takes a sharp break when this part of the exchange comes: â€Å"Margaret. /Richard/Ha! /I call thee not! /I cry thee mercy, then, for I did think/ That thou hadst called me all those bitter names. /Why, so did I, but looked for no reply. (ll 236-241) The reader can imagine this exchange of dialogue taking place on stage, careening back and forth, until a little humor breaks it. However, the dialogue picks up again, and the bitterness continues. After she exits, they all talk to each other, pretty much asking, â€Å"what the heck was that all about? The next scene also has some prime examples of humor in this play. Here, two murderers are sent to kill Clarence. The text is so rich in indirectly describing the demeanor of these two, and the reader undoubtedly chuckles when reading the dialogue between the two of them. Primarily, the reader sees this in lines 110-115: â€Å"I’ll go back to the duke of Gloucester and tell him so. / Please, just wait a minute. I’m hoping my holy mood will pass. / It usually only lasts about twenty seconds. / How are you feeling now? / Actually, I’m still feeling some pangs of conscience. Even in modern times, the idea of a conscience coming and going instead of being unwavering is funny. Even funnier is the thief being aware of this, and saying, â€Å"hang on, it’ll pass†, as if his holy conscience were a case of bad gas or something like that. Further on, the two murderers talk about conscience, and how nobody would listen to it even if it flew out of a wallet. Of course, no Shakespeare play would be complete without the use of puns. Shakespeare uses this type of humor as a witty way to keep the dialogue fresh and flowing. The reader gets a taste of these funny little bits as early as the first act and first scene, when Brakenbury starts, â€Å"With this, my lord, myself have naught to do. / Naught to do with Mistress Shore? I tell thee, fellow, / He that doth naught with her, excepting one, / Were best he do it secretly, alone. / (ll 97-100) The reader sees Richard use a play on the word ‘naught’. Brakenbury seems to use it for a common meaning, â€Å"nothing†. However, Richard being as dirty minded and witty as he is, uses the word as ‘copulate’ or ‘naughty’. So, he implies that there should only be one guy having sex with Mrs. Shore, and that everyone ought to keep their sexual business to themselves. Shakespeare is using humor for the sake of it right here, but he also allows the reader to see the quick-thinking side of Richard. This really solidifies the image of Richard as an evil, two-faced person. Again, Shakespeare uses puns in the scene with Anne as well: O, cursed be the hand that made these holes; / Cursed the heart that had the heart to do it; / Cursed the blood that let this blood from hence. (ll 13-15) And yet again, the reader sees a subtle use of the pun in act I, scene I when Richard says, â€Å" Well, your imprisonment shall not be long, / I will deliver you, or else lie for you. / (ll 114-115) Here, Shakespeare lets the audience in on the little joke that only Richard and those who are reading know. The word lie to Clarence means, â€Å"Go to prison† or â€Å"stay in prison†. However, the reader knows for certain that Richard means lie as in ‘deceive’. And deceive he will, as this is his whole purpose in the play. Throughout the play, readers are reminded that this is a gruesome story about a man and his tragic flaws. Perhaps this man Richard even fell from grace, but he’d have to have grace to begin with. Shakespeare does a good job of infusing humor in the most fitting ways by characterizing Richard as a satirist and excellently deceiving linguist. Also, Shakespeare uses humor in sharp, brisk dialogue between characters to demonstrate ideas such as lack of conscience and close-mindedness. Again, while there may be humor in other Shakespeare tragedies, none may be able to balance out the storyline as well as it was done in Richard III. How to cite The Use of Humor in Richard III by Shakespeare, Papers

Feasibility Of Life Cycle Costing For Circular Economy Business

Question: Discuss about the Analysis Of The Feasibility Of Life Cycle Costing For Circular Economy Business Models For SMEs Within The Top Sector, Water. Answer: Introduction Circular economy refers to the regenerative system in the economy, which minimizes the amount of waste, energy leakage, emission and usage of input resources by slowing, narrowing and closing the energy and the material loops (EEA, 2017). This is a sustainable economic model and can be achieved through the long lasting and sustainable business designs, maintenance system, applying the strategy of repair-reuse-recycle and refurbishing (Makkink, 2016). Life cycle costing is one type of economic analysis, which is used for selecting the alternative options affecting the pending and the future cost of the business (Dhillon, 2013). It is a comparative cost analysis of the initial investment and least cost alternatives. For the SMEs in any sector, life cycle costing helps in analyzing the profit opportunities. The water sectormanagement of Bangladesh has integrated policies that aims to utilize the huge amount of resources for the agricultural and SMEs in the industrial sector. The purpose of this research paper is to evaluate the feasibility of the life cycle costing for the circular economy business models for the SMEs of Bangladesh by using water resource management. Problem statement Bangladesh is an agricultural economy. Water sectormanagement is extremely essential in an agricultural economy as the agricultural production is heavily dependent on the water. If the water supply is hampered, the GDP of the nation gets affected due a fall in agricultural production (Loucks Van Beek, 2017). The SMEs in the agricultural sector and in the other sectors are now adopting the circular business economy model to follow the sustainability practices by reducing the wastes (cuts-citee.org, 2015). The problem statement of this research paper focuses on the problems of thewater resource management in applying life cycle costing in the application of circular economy business model. Research aim and objectives The aim of the research paper is to evaluate various options of the water resource sector in Bangladesh in applying the life cycle costing in the circular economy business model that would benefit the SMEs. The objectives of the research paper are: To evaluate various factors for life cycle costing in the water resource management sector To assess the role of the SMEs in the circular economy business model in Bangladesh To examine the scopes for water management to improve the agricultural and food sector of Bangladesh to increase the production and export Research questions The research questions are: What are the various factors for life cycle costing in the water resource management sector in Bangladesh? What is the role of the SMEs in the circular economy business model in Bangladesh? What are the scopes for water management to improve the agricultural and food sector of Bangladesh to increase the production and export? Research methodology Research methodology represents the researchers strategy to address the research problem. It is composed of research philosophy, strategy, approach, design, data collection and process of data analysis. The elementary plan of the researcher to confront the aim and objectives of the research, draw a conclusion in a most rational and relevant manner is the matter of the research methodology (Lewis, 2015). The researcher will to try to evaluate the impact of life cycle costing for the business of the SMEs in Bangladesh and the role of the water management sector in implementing circular economy business model through this research study. To pursue the study, firstly, the researcher has to conduct a wide-ranging literature review. This is essential to obtain knowledge about different elements of the research. The purpose of the literature review is to put forward the findings from the academic articles by other scholars that would make the readers acquainted with the research topic (Bryman Bell, 2015). The literature review will be done in alignment with the objectives of the research and will be presented in a thematic structure. The researcher will be collecting both primary and secondary data for the research study. A survey will be conducted to collect the primary data. Simple random sampling technique will be used to choose 50 participants and 10 close ended questions will be asked to them, and the questions would be focusing on retrieving the information on the perceptions of the respondents on the effect of life cycle costing in the circular business model regarding the SMEs in the water sector management. The researcher will be collecting secondary data from several academic papers, peer reviewed journals, online publications, magazines, books, newspaper articles, presentations and official websites of different water management companies in this industry of Bangladesh. This data is helpful in validating the results of the primary data analysis. Secondary data sources and analysis process As stated earlier, the secondary data will be used by the researcher to provide support to the primary data analysis and to validate the outcomes. Several peer reviewed journals and academic articles will be consulted to get relevant information about the topic of the research. The journals, such as, International Journal of Water Resources Development, Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering, Science, Forest Policy and Economics, Agricultural Systems and many more will be reviewed for the academic articles by various authors. Apart from that, different books and online publications on factors of life cycle costing, business operations of the SMEs in Bangladesh, water resource management and its implications on the circular economy business model in Bangladesh will be reviewed to get data on different themes of the research. Along with that, several newspaper articles, such as, from, policy publications, PDFs, presentations and annual reports of a few water resource companie s will be consulted for relevant data on the research topic. After data collection was done, quantitative method for analyzing the primary responses will be applied by the researcher. The survey will be conducted using any online technique, such as, Google form. Likert scale values will be used for the responses and it will be presented in a MS Excel file. The data will be transformed into numerical values. Statistical calculations will be performed on the data to get the relation between the impact of the circular business model on the Water sector and the SMEs of Bangladesh. Thematic analysis under the qualitative analysis technique will be conducted on the secondary data for evaluating the validity and reliability of the results of the primary data analysis. References Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2015).Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. cuts-citee.org. (2015).Policy Brief on Water Management in Bangladesh(2nd ed.). Dhaka: CUTS International. Retrieved from https://www.cuts-citee.org/SDIP/pdf/Policy_Brief_on_Water-Water_Management_in_Bangladesh.pdf https://www.cuts-citee.org/SDIP/pdf/Policy_Brief_on_Water-Water_Management_in_Bangladesh.pdf Dhillon, B. (2013).Life cycle costing: techniques, models and applications. Routledge. EEA. (2017).Circular by design: Products in the circular economy(6th ed.). European Environment Agency. Retrieved from https://circulareconomy.europa.eu/platform/sites/default/files/circular_by_design_-_products_in_the_circular_economy.pdf https://circulareconomy.europa.eu/platform/sites/default/files/circular_by_design_-_products_in_the_circular_economy.pdf Lewis, S. (2015). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches.Health promotion practice,16(4), 473-475. Loucks, D. P., Van Beek, E. (2017).Water resource systems planning and management: An introduction to methods, models, and applications. Springer. Makkink, S. (2016).Circular economy, the new business opportunities in the sanitation sector!.Aquaforall.org. Retrieved 21 March 2018, from https://aquaforall.org/circular-economy-the-new-business-opportunities-in-the-sanitation-sector/ https://aquaforall.org/circular-economy-the-new-business-opportunities-in-the-sanitation-sector/

Strain Transformation Essays - Solid Mechanics, Tensors,

Strain Transformation California State University, Northridge College of Computer Science and Engineering Department of Civil and Manufacturing Engineering STRAIN TRANSFORMATION Submitted to: Nazaret Dermendjian Submitted for: Applied Mechanics 340 Date requested: April 6, 1999 Date due: April 27, 1999 Date submitted: April 27, 1999 The following report will be on Strain Transformation. Strain transformation is similar to stress transformation, so that many of the techniques and derivations used for stress can be used for strain. We will also discuss methods of measuring strain and material-property relationships. The general state of strain at a point can be represented by the three components of normal strain, ?x, ?y, ?z, and three components of shear strain, gxy, gxz, gyz. For the purpose of this report, we confine our study to plane strain. That is, we will only concentrate on strain in the x-y plane so that the normal strain is represented by ?x and ?y and the shear strain by gxy . The deformation on an element caused by each of the elements is shown graphically below. Before equations for strain-transformation can be developed, a sign convention must be established. As seen below, ?x and ?y are positive if they cause elongation in the the x and y axes and the shear strain is positive if the interior angle becomes smaller than 90?. For relative axes, the angle between the x and x' axes, q, will be counterclockwise positive. If the normal strains ?x and ?y and the shear strain gxy are known, we can find the normal strain and shear strain at any rotated axes x' and y' where the angle between the x axis and x' axis is q. Using geometry and trigonometric identities the following equations can be derived for finding the strain at a rotated axes: ?x' = (?x + ?y)/2 + (?x - ?y)cos 2q + gxy sin 2q (1) gx'y' = [(?x - ?y)/2] sin 2q + (gxy /2) cos 2q (2) The normal strain in the y' direction by substituting (q + 90?) for q in Eq.1. The orientation of an element can be determined such that the element's deformation at a point can be represented by normal strain with no shear strain. These normal strain are referred to as the principal strains, ?1 and ?2 . The angle between the x and y axes and the principal axes at which these strains occur is represented as qp. The equations for these values can be derived from Eq.1 and are as followed: tan 2qp = gxy /(?x - ?y) (3) ?1,2 = (?x -?y)/2 ? {[(?x -?y)/2]2+ (gxy/2)2 }1/2 (4) The axes along which maximum in-plane shear strain occurs are 45? away from those that define the principal strains and is represented as qs and can be found using the following equation: tan 2qs = -(?x - ?y) / 2 (5) When the shear strain is maximum, the normal strains are equal to the average normal strain. These values are determined from the following equations: gmax / 2 = {[(?x - ?y) / 2]2 + (gxy / 2)2}1/2 (6) ?avg = (?x + ?y) / 2 (7) We can also solve strain transformation problem using Mohr's circle. The coordinate system used has the abscissa represent the normal strain ?, with positive to the right and the ordinate represents half of the shear strain g/2 with positive downward. Determine the center of the circle C, which is on the ? axis at a distance of ?avg from the origin. Please note that it is important to follow the sign convention established previously. Plot a reference point A having coordinates (?x , gxy / 2). The line AC is the reference for q = 0. Draw a circle with C as the center and the line AC as the radius. The principal strains ?1 and ?2 are the values where the circle intersects the ? axis and are shown as points B and D on the figure below. The principal angles can be determined from the graph by measuring 2qp1 and 2qp2 from the reference line AC to the ? axis. The element will be elongated in the x' and y' directions as shown below. The average normal strain and the maximum shear strain are shown as points E and F on the figure below. The element will be elongated as shown. To measure the

A Pale View of Hills by Kazuo Ishiguro Essays

A Pale View of Hills by Kazuo Ishiguro Essays A Pale View of Hills by Kazuo Ishiguro Paper A Pale View of Hills by Kazuo Ishiguro Paper Essay Topic: Literature The character of Mariko in the novel A Pale View of Hills by Kazuo Ishiguro is that of a young girl who is about ten years old. She is presented by the author as an awkward and often difficult girl who struggles for her mother Sachikos nonexistent love and acceptance. Her character, behaviour, and personality have all been shaped by her experiences of the war and the Nagasaki bombing of 1945. However, despite the childhood traumas Mariko has gone through, she also shows acts of tremendous love, devotion and commitment towards things or aspects of her life she feels strongly for. The first thing that may be immediately noticeable in Marikos personality is that she is quite an awkward child. This is illustrated quite clearly in the scene where Mariko attempts to eat a spider crawling up the wall of Sachikos cottage. Certainly, Etsuko is alarmed when Mariko does this, as she says, I started back, and later, It took a moment for me to recover. Etsuko describes her as having a vaguely disturbing quality, and says that Mariko has a strangely expressionless look. The author uses words to similar effect throughout the novel to describe Mariko. Another obvious trait of Marikos is that she is not loved by her mother. Sachiko implies that Mariko is a great burden to her when she says things were very difficult when Mariko was born. She also does not help Mariko cope with the ordeals she has been through, as she says to Etsuko, So please dont bother too much with her. Sachiko simply does not care about Mariko, and fails to even stand up for her daughter when she is accused of something she did not do. When Sachiko drowns the kittens, the struggling animals are representative of Marikos emotional struggles for her mothers love and attention. Near the end of the novel, when saying, Do you think I imagine for one moment that Im a good mother to her? Sachiko admits that she knows she was never the caring, loving, devoted mother to Mariko she should have been. Mariko is also seen to have a closed mind. Ishiguro uses pathetic fallacy to illustrate this point. Her thoughts are withdrawn and reclusive, and Etsuko says of Mariko, I could see only darkness. A quote in the spider scene, [Mariko] closed her hand on top of it so that [the spider] was imprisoned, is very symbolic in the sense that Mariko is imprisoned inside her own mind. Her relative reticence Mariko remained silent throughout that journey home is also likely a reflection of her withdrawn nature, as she thinks inwardly rather than voice them out like other children her age would. However, Mariko also shows full affection towards things she deeply cares for. Her kittens are the prime example in this novel, and she makes constant and consistent reference to them. She insists on playing at the kujibiki stand until she wins a box which she uses as a home for her kittens We could carry the kittens in there We could take them in the box, couldnt we, Mother? When Yasuko-San tells Mariko, And youre not to worry about your kittens, we get the impression that Mariko has already expressed her concerns for the well-being of her pets to Yasuko-San. Mariko also tries to be protective of her kittens when Sachiko demands to have them by turning to Etsuko for support. She says, Do you want to see [Atsu, one of the kittens], Etsuko-San? once again illustrating her love for the kittens and also her helplessness in front of her mother, Sachiko. Despite Marikos motherly disposition towards the kittens, she can also demonstrate very child-like behaviour. Mariko shouted something and pointed. Then she hurried on excitedly. This phrase, for example, shows the normal, innocent nature of a child she Mariko still has in her in spite of all that has ever happened to her. She shows similar behaviour in another section of the novel, when she ran a little way ahead, then waited for us to catch up. Her naivety is shown also when she is oblivious of a woman staring at her from the train platform. Mariko continued to look out of the window, quite unaware of the woman. Her enthusiasm when looking through her binoculars, Mariko seemed to be testing the effectiveness of her binoculars, holding them to her eyes one moment, taking them away the next is also a good example of when Mariko is still very much a child. For most of the novel A Pale View of Hills, Mariko is presented as a young girl who has a hard time in communicating and socialising. She is often awkward, and clearly does not receive the amount of love she should be receiving from her mother. However, she also does display qualities that prove she would be a much better mother than Sachiko herself, and even hints that she would be an even better child than she is for most of the novel.

The terms 'ethnic minority' hides the diversity between and within Essay

The terms 'ethnic minority' hides the diversity between and within minority ethnic groups. Discuss - Essay Example dress issues of discrimination on racial or ethnic lives have not been able to efficiently iron out details about ethno-religious matters, gender and ethnicity, ethno-politico issues and other such gray areas. Members of these minority groups have had to endure their situation or fight like the black feminists did. This paper aims to discuss an array issues that touch on this issue of differences between and within ethnic minority groups. Looking at self-employement sector in Britain for example the self-employment rate is 14.6 percent for non-whites compared to 12.3 percent for whites. However beneath this statistics are the glaring differences between the groups. The self-employment rate for black Carribeans is 5.8 percent while that for Chinese is 26.6 percent (Kenneth and Drinkwater, 1). Factors that could create these differences would include social support from one’s community to facilitate a self-sustaining economic environment, effects of religion or access to informal sources of capital and manpower from the family ties or members of the ethnic community (Kenneth and Drinkwater, 1). Cultural endowments too determine such kinds of trends since it does determine one’s attitude towards entrepreneurship. It also has a bearing on consumer behaviour and how much of a good is ordered (Rafiq, 46). Some of these consumer behaviours become so pronounced as to qualify some goods being referred to as ethnic goods. When a good number of members of a certain ethnic group live together in one neighbourhood, a protected market scenario arises. The shop owners are able to maintain a monopoly of sorts within the neighbourhood and the members give support by being loyal to these businesses. The shop owners are keener to provide goods and services that meet the memb ers’ preferences. Religious goods are particularly a favourite. So are goods from the ethnic group’s country of origin. Religion is another strong influence. Rafiq, (50-55) argues that in